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Chapter Five Five Types of Essays（第1页）

ChapterFiveFiveTypesofEssays

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Aprocess（howto…）isaseriesofasleadiedorplae.Therearetwokindsofprocessessays:diredinformatioionalprocessessaysgivethereaderdirestofollow，suchashowtogetavisa.Thepurposeofthiskioclarifythestepsintheproceduresothatthereaderre-createtheprodachievetheresults.Informationalprocessessays，oherhaothereaderhowsomethingislishedorhowsomethingworksworked，suchashoacesatelliteislauhepurposeofthiskioinformthereaderaboutasubject，buthedoeshetaskinpersohefollowingmodelessaycarefullyaifywhetheritisadirealprocessessayoraninformationalprocessessay.

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HaveyoueverwoheanimalsyouseeonTVandiraioperformsugtriyoftheirtraieiquebasedoeagmethodsdevelopedbybehavioralpsychologistssuchasB.ESkinudiedteiquesfdesiredbehaviorsinanimals.AnimalsbetaughtmanysophisticatedtrigSkinner'steiques.Ifyouwanttoteachyourpettodoatriustuheteiquepsychologistscall“shaping”

.Shapingmeansreinfthehatyouwantte.Hereisholyhisteiquestyourpettodotricks.

Beginbymakingsomedes.Firstofall，youochooseyoursubjepiyhouseholdpet，suchasacat，parr.Suppose，forexample，thatyouwanttoteachytodoatriextthingtodoistochooseareward.Foodisusuallytheeasiestrewardtouse.Keepinmindthatinorderforfoodtobeaivereward，yhastobehungry.Don'ttrytoteaewtrickrightafterhehaseatenabigmeal.Also，arewardismosteffeitisgiveimethatthedogperformsthedesiredtriceyouwillnotalwaysbeabletogivethedogfoodasquicklyasyouwouldliketo，youwillodevelopa“edreinforcer”

.Youdothisbygthefoodwithsomethingelse，sugihiscase，thesoundthebellmakesistheedreinforcer.

Youareobeginiorespooutabout40smalldogbiscuits.Tossafewofthemt，oime，atarateofaboutowobiscuitsaminute.Assoonasthedogbegihebisgthebellahrowhima.Waitaboutthirtysedtheeps.Whenythebell，dohersou.Givethebislywhenthedogisstandingintheplacewherehegetshisfood.Whenyreachesthepoestothefoodplaeverythebell，youarereadytobeginteaghimthetrick.

Atthispoiochoosethetrittoteaeasytrickisteagytorollover.Shapethedog'sbehaviorbyreinfanythihebehavitoteabyreinfaoliedown.Thenreinforentofhisbodywhenheislyiimeyoureinforyofhisbehaviorsthatresemblesrollingover，immediatelygivehimabisdrihisway，hewillbegintoassociatethesouhthetriuereinfcloserapproximatioverwiththebisdthebell.Durieagsession，donottouchthedog，talktohim，orinanywaydistra，agtoSkinner，willlearrifiveminutes.

Asyousee，totraiodoatriatterofalittletimea.Onceyouhaveestablishedaedreinforcer，youeasilyteachyarickbyshapinghisbehavior.However，ifyouwanttoteachyariustelimibehaviorbynolongerreinfit.Eventually，hewillstoveraolearhingnew.

'sreadaprocessessaywrittenbyaesestudent.

HowtoSurviveinCollege

Peopleareusedtcollegesasparadiseiionowmas'tenjoyahappylifeinsuchagoode.Asmoreaskillthemselvesiionally，theproblemofittingsuicollegeshasattractedwidepublition.Anotherphehatmaherareexpelledfromcollegeorquittheirstudyforallkindsofreasons.Sohowtosurviveincollegehasbeeaquestionthatmashavetofamyopinion，ifastudentwantstosurviveincollege，heshouldfinishhisschoolwork，keephealthy，aarra.

&oppriorityforstudentstodoiolearntheircourseswell.Theschoolworkisuhemostfualandimportantforstudents.Thoughtherearemuchmoreotheractivitiesihaninprimarysiddlesasteryofkheirmission.Theyshouldneverbepepoundfoolish.Besidesthat，thesecourseshelplayasolidfoundatioure.Furthermore，whileone'smajoraydetermiuredacademicat，thecoursesbeyondhismajormakehimbeeawell-roundedperson.Ifastudentfailsohecourses，he'tgetthediploma，letalonefindagoodjob.So，tosurviveiudentshudies.

Inadditiontoschestudentsmuststayhealthyphysidmentally.OurlateleaderMaooncesaid，“Apersonwithoutagoodbodywillbeeareject.”

Duetothelackofself-dise，somestudentssmokeanddrinkalot；othersstayuphtssinging；stillotherssitatputersftimewithoutaslightmovemehephysiasaresufferialdiseases.Forexample，collegestudeedwithvariousstresses:academidpersonal.Tomakemattersworse，mostofthestudentsnowadaysone-childfamily.Thismakesthemhavelittlecapabilitydiffidsetbalywhehassoundphysidmehhesurviveintheuy.

Lastbut，collegestudentsshouldmakegoodplans.First，studentsshetheirfreetimereasonably.Iftheycetheirtimeprschoolwork，extracurricularactivitiesandpersoheyjoyacolorfullife；otherwise，theywillfeelasiftheyareinamuddledjumbleofevesshettheirmoheyshouldspendmohingsagtothefinancialsituationoftheirowherthahtheJonesesbliheirvasborrowmoheirclassmates，andothersevensteal.Asaresult，someofthemendupinprison.

Inshort，iosurviveisshouldpletetheirstudies，havegoodhealth，andmakegoodplans.Infact，collegeislikealargesmelteristudentsflourishandineswillperish.Thus，ascollegestudents，weshouldimproveourabilitiesandachievesuccesses.Asloainanoptimistidtrytovertpressuresintomotivation，besincollege.

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Towritearocessessay，youshouldfollowtheguidelinesbelow.

1.Stateyourstepsinalogidicalorder.Forexample:ersonasksyouhowtogettothelocalpostoffice，yourdiresshouldbegiveepuntilthewholepropleted.Donotomitanysteps，nomatterhowseeminglyinsignifit.Ifyouleaveoutanimportantstep（likeftotellthatpersourhtalongMai），orifyoudohestepsiorder，thenyourlisteendupatafashioeadofthelocalpostoffice.

2.Groupyourstepsis.Whenyoushowsomenfriendshowesejiaozi（dumplingswithvegetableafillings）aremade，youmayfindthatyouhavemorethaepsinyourprocess.However，youdonotneedonebraphtoexplaiead，youshaepsintoafewmassothatyouwilloomanybraphs.Here，thestepsofmakingjiaozibeperfectlygroupedinterunits，eachofwhiesabraph:

&heis

a.maketheerdoughfromflourand>

b.makethefilliable，meat，etc.）

c.rolloutthejiaozierswitharollingstick

d.placethefillingsintotheersandfold

B.cookthejiaozi